数学实验 试验14 密码.pptVIP

实验十四: 密码 (Cryptogram, Cypher) 密码学(Cryptology)是研究编制密码和破译密码的技术科学。研究密码变化的客观规律，应用于编制密码以保守通信秘密的，称为编码学(Cryptography)；应用于破译密码以获取通信情报的，称为破译学(Cryptanalysis) ，总称密码学。 密码学的演变历史 1918, William Friedman’s The Index of Coincidence and its Applications in Cryptography Edward Hebern, Rotor Machine for 50 Years. 1949, Claude Shannon’s The Communication Theory of Secrecy System, 成为理论基础 1949-1967，Cryptographic Literature was barren 1971, IBM: Luciffer Cipher, 128位密钥作分组加密 by team led by Horst Feistel used 64-bit data blocks with 128-bit key 1975, Diffie-Hellman, A New Direction in Cryptography, 首次提出适应网络保密通信的公开密钥思想，揭开现代密码学研究的序幕，具有划时代的意义 1976-1977，美国国家标准局正式公布实施DES，Data Encryption Standard 1977－1978，Rivest, Shamir, Adelman 第一次提出公开密钥密码系统的实现方法RSA 1981，成立International Association for Cryptology Research 1985，ElGamal 提出概率密码系统 ElGamal方法 1990－1992，Lai Xuejia and James: IDEA, The International Data Encryption Algorithm 2000, AES, Advanced Encryption Standard 密码学基本术语 Terminologies Cryptology(保密学)，源自希腊语(Greek) Kryptós: hidden; logos: word, 是密码学和密码处理过程的研究。 Cryptography: The Science and Study of Secret Writing，密码编码学 Cryptanalysis: The Science and Study of Secret Breaking，密码破译学 Cipher: A secret method of writing 加密方法 Encipher (encipherment), encryption: 将明文转换成密文的过程 Decipher (decipherment), decryption: 将密文还原成明文的过程 Plaintext (cleartext): 原始的可读数据，明文 Ciphertext (Cryptogram): 加密后的不可解读之文件，密文 Key: 密钥，对加密与解密过程进行控制的参数 E(m): Encryption Transformation 加密变换 D(c): Decryption Transformation 解密变换 14.1 单表密码(Monoalphabetic Cipher ): 按照秘密的替换方案, 将明文中的每个字母换成指定字母. Each plaintext letter maps to a different random ciphertext letter Hence key is 26 letters long Plain: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Cipher: DKVQFIBJWPESCXHTMYAUOLRGZN Plaintext: ifwewishtoreplaceletters Ciphertext: WIRFRWAJUHYFTSDVFSFUUFYA Now have a total of 26! = 4 x 1026 keys more than 400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 4x1026 = 400万亿亿 With so many keys, might think is secure But would be !!!WRONG!!! Problem is language characteristics Hum