香烟价格与体重的影响(英文版)重点解析.ppt

* * * The heterogeneity of the cigarette price effect on body mass index -- Journal of Health Economics 2015020328 ??? Abstract Previous studies estimate the average effect of cigarette price on body mass index (BMI), with recent research showing that their different methodologies all point to a negative effect after several years. This literature, however, ignores the possibility that the effect could vary throughout the BMI distribution or across socioeconomic and demographic groups due to differences in underlying obesity risks or preferences for health. We evaluate heterogeneity in the long-run impact of cigarette price on BMI by performing quantile regressions and stratifying the sample by race, education, age, and sex. We also assess the implications for disparities, conduct robustness checks, and evaluate potential mechanisms. Introduction ??? 2007--2008 , 15%--34% ?? Obesity has become one of the leading population-level health risks in the United States. ???? --???,???... (now lead to an estimated 112,000 deaths and $168.4 billion in medical expenditures per year) ??? 1965--2007, 42%--20% ?? Any impact of smoking on obesity ? Introduction The effects of smoking on the body 1）Smoking may reduce appetite and enhance metabolism, leading to lower caloric intake and higher caloric expenditure (Pinkowish, 1999). 2）This theory is supported by mice studies that show reductions in appetite, weight, and fat storage as well as biochemical changes in the brain with nicotine exposure (Chen et al., 2005, 2008). Or No？ 1）Smoking may reduce the ability to exercise by impairing respiratory functioning (Hedenstrom et al., 1986). 2）Also, quitting smoking could lead to healthier eating and exercise decisions by affecting expected longevity or general enthusiasm about health (Courtemanche, 2009). Introduction The causal effects of cigarette costs on weight. Chou et al. (2002, 2004) estimate positive relationships between state cigarette price and both body mass index