研究生细胞分化详解.ppt

* * ?小核糖核蛋白 snRNPs 是一种RNA与蛋白质的复合物,参与剪切反应的snRNPs包括U1、U2、U4、U5和U6。 snoRNP [ small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein]核仁小核糖核蛋白是在核仁中对刚转录出来的RNA进行编辑的核蛋白体。 * Noncoding RNAs ncRNAs accomplish a remarkable variety of biological functions. They regulate gene expression at the levels of transcription, RNA processing, and translation. They protect genomes from foreign nucleic acids. They can guide DNA synthesis or genome rearrangement. For ribozymes and riboswitches, the RNA structure itself provides the biological function, but most ncRNAs operate as RNA-protein complexes, including ribosomes, snRNPs, snoRNPs, telomerase, microRNAs, and long ncRNAs. Many, though not all, ncRNAs exploit the power of base pairing to selectively bind and act on other nucleic acids. Here, we describe the pathway of ncRNA research, where every established ‘‘rule’’ seems destined to be overturned. Cell.?2014 Mar 27;157 1 :77-94. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.008. The?noncoding?RNA?revolution-trashing?old?rules?to?forge?new?ones. Cech TR1,?Steitz JA2. Introduction Today, the ncRNA revolution has engulfed all living organisms, as deep sequencing has uncovered the existence of thousands of long l ncRNAs with a breathtaking variety of roles in both gene expression and remodeling of the eukaryotic genome. Here, we describe nine major events in the last 30 years of RNA research, occasions where old rules were trashed to make way for new ones. Classes of RNA and Their Sizes and Functions CRISPR RNA, clusters of regularly interspersed short palindromic repeat RNA,规律成簇的间隔短回文重复, targets Cas nuclease to cleave a specific DNA, such as a phage DNA, in bacteria or archaea, 24–48 nt. lncRNA, long noncoding RNA, autonomously transcribed RNA that does not encode a protein; often capped and polyadenylated; can be nuclear, cytoplasmic or both. 200 nt. CRISPR是源于细菌及古细菌中的一种后天免疫系统，它可利用靶位点特异性的RNA指导Cas蛋白对靶位点序列进行修饰。 CRISPR相关基因 CRISPR-associated, Cas 当CRISPR转录后，Cas 蛋白加工CRISPR RNA成一个沉默RNA，这个沉默RNA就会对外来同源的DNA起到作用。 2013年，两篇Scie