浅谈会计初级职称考试经验(收入)摘要.ppt

Wavefunctions and Energy Levels Since particles have wavelike properties cannot expect them to behave like point-like objects moving along precise trajectories. Erwin Schr?dinger: Replace the precise trajectory of particles by a wavefunction (y), a mathematical function that varies with position Max Born: physical interpretation of wavefunctions. Probability of finding a particle in a region is proportional to y2. y2 is the probability density. To calculate the probability that a particle is in a small region in space multiply y2 by the volume of the region. Probability = y2 (x,y,z) dx dy dz Schr?dinger Equation The Schr?dinger equation describes the motion of a particle of mass m moving in a region where the potential energy is described by V(x). In the H atom the potential that the electron feels is the electrostatic interaction between it and the positive nucleus V(r ) = - e2 / (4 p eo r) r: distance between the electron and the nucleus. Solve the Schr?dinger equation to determune the allowed energy levels of an electron in the H atom Solution for allowed energy levels is: Atomic Orbitals Wavefunctions of electrons in atoms are called atomic orbitals, have a dependence on position Square of the wavefunction - probability density of electron The wavefunction of an electron in a hydrogen atom is specified by three quantum numbers, specifying energy and probability of finding an electron. 1) Principle quantum number, n: specifies energy of the orbitals. In a hydrogen atom, all atomic orbitals with the same value of n have the same energy and are said to belong to the same SHELL of the atom. 2) Orbital angular momentum quantum number, l l = 0, 1, 2, …., n-1 Each value of l corresponds to a different type of orbital with a different shape The orbitals of a shell with principal quantum number n fall into n groups, called SUBSHELLS; each subshell is identified by a different l value. l = 0 s-orbitals l = 1 p-orbitals l = 2 d-orbitals l = 3 f-