矩阵对向量求导课程.docVIP

矩阵、向量求导法则 （1）行向量对元素求导 设 是 维行向量， 是元素，则 。 （2）列向量对元素求导 设 是 维列向量， 是元素，则 。 （3）矩阵对元素求导 设 是 矩阵， 是元素，则 。 （4）元素对行向量求导 设 是元素， 是 维行向量，则 。 （5）元素对列向量求导 设 是元素， 是 维列向量，则 。 （6）元素对矩阵求导 设 是元素， 是 矩阵，则 。 （7）行向量对列向量求导 设 是 维行向量， 是 维列向量，则 。 （8）列向量对行向量求导 设 是 维列向量， 是 维行向量，则 。 （9）行向量对行向量求导 设 是 维行向量， 是 维行向量，则 。 （10）列向量对列向量求导 设 是 维列向量， 是 维列向量，则 。 （11）矩阵对行向量求导 设 是 矩阵， 是 维行向量，则 。 （12）矩阵对列向量求导 设 是 矩阵， 是 维列向量，则 。 （13）行向量对矩阵求导 设 是 维行向量， 是 矩阵，则 。 （14）列向量对矩阵求导 设 是 维列向量， 是 矩阵，则 。 （15）矩阵对矩阵求导 设 是 矩阵， 是 矩阵，则 。 例 设 ， ，根据（12）矩阵对列向量求导 法则，有 。 例 设 ， ，根据（15）矩阵对矩阵求导法则，有 。 Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Johns Hopkins University for the TC-1 cells. This work was supported by a National Health Research Institutes intramural grant (IV-103-PP-22) and grants from the National Science Council, which were awarded to Y.C. Song (NSC 99-2321-B-400-004-MY3) and S.J. Liu (NSC 103-2321-B-400-008). Author Contributions Y.C.S. and S.J.L. designed the studies. Y.C.S. performed the research and analyzed the data. Y.C.S. and S.J.L. wrote the manuscript. Additional Information C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) once with 1 μ g of peptide mixed with or without 10 μ g of CpG adjuvant. After one week, splenocytes were harvested, and the response of IFN-γ -secreting cells was determined by ELISPOT after 48 h of peptide stimulation. Briefly, 2 × 105 splenocytes were incubated with 1 μ g/ml irrelevant peptide or RAH peptide in an anti-IFN-γ -coated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plate for 48 h. After incubation, the cells were removed, and a biotinylated anti-IFN-γ Ab (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) was added to each well. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. Following the addition of the avidin-HRP reagent (eBioscience, CA, USA), the assay was developed using a 3-amine-9-ethyl carbazole (AEC; Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) staining solution. The reaction was stopped after 4–6 min by placing the plate under tap water. The spots were c