4.SELECT语句.pptVIP

* Comparison Conditions Comparison conditions are used in conditions that compare one expression to another value or expression. They are used in the WHERE clause in the following format: Syntax ... WHERE expr operator value Example ... WHERE hire_date = 01-JAN-95 ... WHERE salary = 6000 ... WHERE last_name = Smith An alias cannot be used in the WHERE clause. Note: The symbols != and ^= can also represent the not equal to condition. * Using Comparison Conditions In the example, the SELECT statement retrieves the last name and salary from the EMPLOYEES table for any employee whose salary is less than or equal to $3,000. Note that there is an explicit value supplied to the WHERE clause. The explicit value of 3000 is compared to the salary value in the SALARY column of the EMPLOYEES table. * * * * * * * Logical Conditions A logical condition combines the result of two component conditions to produce a single result based on those conditions, or it inverts the result of a single condition. A row is returned only if the overall result of the condition is true. Three logical operators are available in SQL: AND OR NOT All the examples so far have specified only one condition in the WHERE clause. You can use several conditions in one WHERE clause using the AND and OR operators. * * * * Rules of Precedence The rules of precedence determine the order in which expressions are evaluated and calculated. The table lists the default order of precedence. You can override the default order by using parentheses around the expressions that you want to calculate first. * 1. Example of the Precedence of the AND Operator In this example, there are two conditions: The first condition is that the job ID is AD_PRES and the salary is greater than $15,000. The second condition is that the job ID is SA_REP. Therefore, the SELECT statement reads as follows: “Select the row if an employee is a president and earns more than $15,000, or if the employee is a sales representative.” 2. E