遗传学第二遗传的物质基础.ppt

* lodish Figure 9-26. Model of DNA amplification to produce polytene chromosomes. (a) Sequences along the left arm of the Drosophila hydei X chromosome are represented by the letters a through p. Simple-sequence DNA (sss) and ribosomal genes (rrr) occur on the short right arm of the chromosome. In the salivary glands, the DNA in the left arm of the chromosome is replicated in parallel many times; ten duplications would give 210=1024 copies. The simple-sequence DNA does not appear to increase at all; the ribosomal genes are replicated, but not as many times as the DNA in the left arm. (b) Morphology of the stained polytene X chromosome as it appears in the light microscope. The banding pattern results from reproducible packing of DNA and protein within each amplified site along the chromosome. (c) The proposed pattern of amplification in the polytene D. hydei X chromosome during five replications. Double-stranded DNA is represented by a single line. The simple-sequence DNA at the centromere and telomeres is not amplified, and ribosomal genes are amplified less than sequences in the left arm. * the cellFigure 8-16. Light micrograph of lampbrush chromosomes in an amphibian oocyte. Early in oocyte differentiation each chromosome replicates to begin meiosis, and the homologous replicated chromosomes pair to form this highly extended structure containing a total of four replicated DNA molecules, or chromatids. The lampbrush chromosome stage persists for months or years as the oocyte builds up a supply of mRNA and other materials required for its ultimate development into a new individual. Figure 8-17. Lampbrush chromosome structure. The set of lampbrush chromosomes in many amphibians contains a total of about 10,000 chromatin loops, although most of the DNA in each chromosome remains highly condensed in the chromomeres. Each loop corresponds to a particular DNA sequence. Four copies of each loop are present in each cell, since each of the two chromosomes shown at the to