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* * * * * * * * * Smoking Affects the Entire Body The list of diseases and ill effects caused by smoking continues to expand as researchers learn more about the ways in which smoking devastates the body. Overall, smoking causes 17 % of all deaths [WHO 1997] 30% of all cancer deaths 87% of lung cancer 66% COPD deaths 13%vascular diseases According to the Worldbank, smoking related healthcare accounts for 6% to 15 % of all annual healthcare costs. The list of diseases and ill effects caused by smoking continues to expand as researchers learn more about the ways in which smoking devastates the body. [Surgeon General 2004 exec summ 2B,38AC, 8AB] American Thoracic Society, 2005. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Available at: /tobacco/sgr/sgr_2004/chapters.htm. Accessed July 23, 2005. Smoking is associated with many diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory disease Smoking is associated with a decline in lung and kidney function, low HDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, cataracts, impotence, accelerated aging and skin wrinkles Surgeon General 2004 exec summ 2B,38AC, 8AB Slide 58 from SMOKING_CESSATION_09[1].26.05_Final Need better citation for WHO 1997 to find ref. * * * * * * * * * * * 食品安全监管 – 危害与风险 重要概念 危害：食品中可能会产生不良健康影响的生物性、化学性或物理性因素或状况（FAO/WHO, 2005） 风险：各种危害产生不良健康作用的可能性及其强度（FAO/WHO, 1997） 重要观点 国家食品安全监管的任务，不是消除危害，而是将风险控制在可接受的范围内。 (WHO. 1995. Application of risk analysis to food standards issues. Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation.) 我国食品安全问题的特点 新老问题并存 老问题：重金属、霉菌毒素等污染 新问题：工业化家禽养殖和加工 源头污染突出 2亿多农户分散地生产初级农产品 食品加工业素质差 中小型食品加工企业占多数 信息交流渠道不畅通 我国食品安全总体情况是好的，但存在问题不容忽视 微生物引起的食源性疾病； 化学性污染（农残、兽残、重金属、天然毒素、有机污染物等）； 非法使用食品添加剂； …… 致病微生物引起的食源性疾病是头号食品安全问题 食源性甲型肝炎（1980’s 上海，3