3～5岁儿童时间性前瞻记忆的发展及和情绪的关系_论文.docVIP

3~5 岁儿童时间性前瞻记忆的发展及其与情绪的关系 中文摘要 前瞻记忆是对未来某一时刻完成某项或某些活动的记忆。根据任务类型的不同， Einstein 和 McDaniel 将前瞻记忆分为事件性前瞻记忆和时间性前瞻记忆两类。事件性 前瞻记忆要求人们当一些外部事件出现时执行某个特定任务，它要求人们当某个特定的 事件出现在不断进行的活动中时，能够回忆并执行这个记忆任务。时间性前瞻记忆要求 人们在某一特定的时间或经过一段时间以后执行前瞻记忆任务，这种记忆没有外部的目 标事件或刺激的出现，需要依靠更多的自我启动加工来促进记忆的提取。 本研究采用实验法，使用双任务范式对 90 名不同年龄阶段的被试进行个别施测。 探讨了在情绪影响下 3~5 岁儿童时间性前瞻记忆的年龄特点，并将中性情绪状态下和积 极情绪状态下被试的表现进行对比。研究发现，（1）3~5 岁儿童随着年龄的增长时间性 前瞻记忆的表现呈上升的趋势，5 岁儿童表现最好，其次是 4 岁儿童，最后是 3 岁儿童； 3~5 岁儿童已具备时间性前瞻记忆的能力，但还不成熟，即使是 5 岁儿童也不能说已经 具备基本的时间性前瞻记忆能力。情绪状态下，3~5 岁儿童的时间性前瞻记忆存在极其 显著地年龄差异，中性情绪状态和积极情绪状态下表现出不同的特点。 2）情绪状态下， 3~5 岁儿童的时间性前瞻记忆不存在性别差异，但是男孩和女孩关注的任务类型不同。 女孩侧重于进行中任务，男孩则侧重于记忆任务。（3）积极情绪状态下儿童时间性前瞻 记忆的成绩表现优于中性情绪状态下的成绩。在两种不同的情绪状态下，儿童的时间性 前瞻记忆成绩存在显著差异。 关键词：时间性前瞻记忆，儿童，情绪 ii The Development of Time-based Prospective Memory Performance and Emotion in Young Children Abstract Prospective memory refers to the ability to remember to do things in the future , and is indexed by whether individuals remember to perform an action at some later time. According to the types of tasks, Einstein and McDaniel divided prospective memory into two kinds: event-based prospective memory and time-based prospective memory. In this study the dual-task methods was used to test 90 children aged 3-5 year. The age-related characteristics in time-based prospective memory of 3-5 year-old children, and the respective performance of the test in the neutral emotional state and positive emotional state were compared. The results showed that: (1) The childrens ability of time-based prospective memory went up as the growth of the age. Children of 5 years old showed the best performance in all subjects. And 4-year-old childrens performance was better than 3-year-old ones. 3-5 years old children had the immature ability of time-based prospective memory, even if the 5 years old children hadnt showed the basic ability. In emotional state, the childrens age effect was significant. Performances in neutral emotional state and positive emotional state showed diff