2014年3月23日托福阅读真题.docxVIP

2014年3月23日托福阅读真题 智课网整理 第一篇：远古鱼是怎么进化成陆地动物的 2012.9.2ML 海洋生物的进化 2. 还有一篇讲的是远古海里生物、鱼怎么上岸的。说是最开始的鱼都在海里， 后来好多地儿只要是aquatic 的地儿都有鱼，特别是一种鱼record 最多，有图。 后来又说鱼不光有gill 还有lung 辅助呼吸，这样在干旱的时候他们能从要没水 的地儿到水很多的地儿(呃，好像是这样，有题) 然后干旱啊，水都少了，河边上都是死鱼，in addition 水生植物也都出来了， 螃蟹也上岸了(有题) 后来又说到牙齿，food 什么的(有题，我选的是carnivo)，又说虽然上岸了，还 是不离水太远(好像是，有题，是个选项)。最后说鱼就通过骨骼生长就岸了(考最 后一句，扩折号举例) 不全，有几段忘了，呵呵呵 词汇： aquatic 水生的 record 记录 gill 鳃 lung 肺 respiration 呼吸 in addition 另外 crab 螃蟹 carnivore 食肉动物 背景复原： Evolution of fish: Fish first appeared during the Cambrian explosion, around 530 million years ago (Ma). Early fish from the fossil record are represented by a group of small, jawless, armoured fish known as ostracoderms. Jawless fish lineages are mostly extinct. An extant clade, the lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. The first jaws are found in Placoderm fossils. The diversity of jawed vertebrates may indicate the evolutionary advantage of a jawed mouth. It is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force, improved respiration, or a combination of factors. The first animals to venture onto dry land were arthropods. Some fish had lungs and strong, bony fins and could crawl onto the land also. Age of Fishes The Devonian, part of the Paleozoic era, is otherwise known as the Age of Fishes, as it spawned a remarkable variety of fish. The most formidable of them were the armored placoderms, a group that first appeared during the Silurian with powerful jaws lined with bladelike plates that acted as teeth. Early placoderms fed on mollusks and other invertebrates, but later species developed into ferocious, fish-slicing monsters measuring up to 33 feet (10 meters) long. Other types of bone-plated fish that lacked jaws developed a range of bizarre forms. Fossil specimens include species with horseshoe-shaped heads and others that looked like rounded shields. From Water to Land One important idea in evolution is that creatures from the oceans slowly evolved to live and walk on land. Fis