Unit 4 Structural Design要点.pptVIP

（3） Depending on the type of structure and the conditions involved, the stress intensities computed in the analytical model of the actual structure for the assumed design conditions may or may not be in close agreement with the stress intensities produced in actual structure by the actual conditions to which it is exposed. （4） The selection of the service conditions and the allowable stress intensities provides a margin of safety against failure. （5）The allowable-stress approach has an important disadvantage in that it does not provide a uniform overload capacity for all parts and all types of structure. Keys： (1)结构设计包括确定结构最合适的比例，以及标出构件的尺寸和构件的组成细节。 (2)好的设计师总能充分考虑到建筑结构前期设计的各种因素，以及施工过程中可能遇到的各种问题。 (3)根据结构的类型和相关条件，从为预期设计条件而进行的实际结构的分析模型所计算出来的应力强度与实际结构在实际条件中产生的应力强度有可能基本一致或不一致。 (4)操作条件和容许应力强度的选择能提供了一个对抗失效的安全系数。 (5)容许应力法有一个明显的劣势，即它无法为各类结构及结构的所有部分提供一个统一的过载。 Special difficulties 难点讲解 [1] For most common civil engineering structures such as bridges and buildings, the usual practice in the past has been to design on the basis of a comparison of allowable stress intensities with those produced by the service loadings and other design conditions. 译文：对诸如桥梁和建筑物等最常见的土木工程结构而言，过去的惯例是设计必须以容许应力强度和由工作载荷及其他设计条件产生的应力强度之间的对比为基础。 available意思是“可用的”“有空的”“可会见的”，有时放在名词后面作后置定语。例如： No funding will be available until the technology is completely proven. 该技术得到充分验证后才会有拨款。 [2] Of course, the selection of the allowable stresses may also be modified by a consideration brittle of the possibility of failure due to fatigue, buckling, or fracture or by consideration of the permissible deflections of the structure. 译文：当然，容许应力的选择可能会因由疲劳、弯曲或脆性断裂造成的应力失效得到调整，也有可能因考虑到结构允许挠度而被调整。 （1）modify意思是“修改”“修饰”。例如： We have to modify our plan a little bit. 我们得对我们的计划稍加修改。 （2）due to相当于“because of”，意思是“由于”“因为”“应给予”“应归于”。例如： His mistake was due to youth and inexperience. 他失误的原因是年轻没有经验。 [3] Proponents of this latter approach argue that it results in a more realistic design with a more accurately provided margin of strength over