QualityManagement解析.pptVIP

The Quality Gurus – Edward Deming The Quality Gurus – Joseph Juran Six Sigma Quality A philosophy and set of methods companies use to eliminate defects in their products and processes Seeks to reduce variation in the processes that lead to product defects The name “six sigma” refers to the variation that exists within plus or minus six standard deviations of the process outputs Six Sigma Roadmap (DMAIC) Quality Improvement Average Variation example But are all ‘good’ products equal? Example Solution Solution Example (contd) In order to measure variation we need… The average (mean) of the observations: The standard deviation of the observations: Number of pepperoni’s per pizza: 25, 25, 26, 25, 23, 24, 25, 27 Average: Standard Deviation: Number of pepperoni’s per pizza: 25, 22, 28, 30, 27, 20, 25, 23 Average: Standard Deviation: Which pizza would you rather have? When is a product good enough? Incremental Cost of Variability High Zero Lower Tolerance Target Spec Upper Tolerance Traditional View The “Goalpost” Mentality a.k.a Upper/Lower Design Limits (UDL, LDL) Upper/Lower Spec Limits (USL, LSL) Upper/Lower Tolerance Limits (UTL, LTL) Incremental Cost of Variability High Zero Lower Spec Target Spec Upper Spec Taguchi’s View “Quality Loss Function” (QLF) LESS VARIABILITY implies BETTER PERFORMANCE ! Capability Index (Cpk) It shows how well the performance measure fits the design specification based on a given tolerance level A process is ks capable if Capability Index (Cpk) Cpk 1 means process is not capable at the ks level Cpk = 1 means process is capable at the ks level Another way of writing this is to calculate the capability index: Accuracy and Consistency We say that a process is accurate if its mean is close to the target T. We say that a process is consistent if its standard deviation is low. Example 1: Capability Index (Cpk) X = 10 and σ = 0.5 LTL = 9 UTL = 11 UTL LTL X Example 2: Capability Index (Cpk) X = 9.5 and σ