Unit5西方文化导论研究报告.ppt

Supplementary Resources Supplementary Resources_I_1.3 Passage 1 Passage 1 pagans, heretics, and peoples under the ban of excommunication for a mixture of religious, economic, and political reasons. Rivalries among both Christian and Muslim powers led also to alliances between religious factions against their opponents, such as the Christian alliance with the Sultanate（伊斯兰教君主地位） of R?m during the Fifth Crusade. Supplementary Resources Supplementary Resources_I_1.4 Passage 1 Question: Do you know the reason of the Crusades in the Middle Ages? Passage 1 Supplementary Resources Supplementary Resources_I_2.1 Passage 2 Universities in the Middle Ages The medieval period was not one of rampant ignorance. The 14th century saw the beginnings of the Renaissance. The engines of this rebirth were the universities. Some were already centuries old by the early 14th century, and it had become popular to assist founding new ones. By 1500, nearly 70 had been founded. While theology and law were the major fields of study, medicine and “natural philosophy”(science)were becoming increasingly popular, and some universities even offered courses in estate management. Medieval universities were quite different from modern ones, which owe their organization to German reforms of the 19th century. Initially, Passage 2 Supplementary Resources Supplementary Resources_I_2.2 Passage 2 Passage 2 the universities were little more than guilds(公会，行会) of teachers who settled down in a building provided by a city or local bishop. By the 15th century, many of these universities were becoming independent entities. Basically, the university provided a place for the teachers and students to live together, as well as lecture halls and libraries. The original purpose of a university degree was to serve as a license to teach. But some of the courses of instruction were very long (a degree of Doctor of Theology could take 16 years to obtain) and many students had to stay until they thought they had