国际经济学8教材.ppt

Total welfare of the country: The deadweight losses（重负损失，无谓损失） or protection cost（保护成本）=-b-d b: the efficiency loss（added） d: the Consumer surplus loss（added） 6.3 other NTBs Nontariff trade barriers (NTBs) or new protectionism 1. voluntary export restraints (VERs) 2. technical, administrative and other regulations 3. international cartels 8.3 trade theory and development trade theory VS development International Economics International Economics 国际经贸学院 Instructer：Zhang Shaohui 张 绍辉 E-Mail:zshsie@163.com Chapter 5: Trade Restrictions: Tariffs 1. Types of tariffs 2. Consumer and producer surplus 3. Effects of a tariff: small country 4. Effects of a tariff: large country 5. Nominal tariffs vs. effective protection 5.1 5.2 Types of tariffs Trade or commercial polices 1. Import tariff Export tariff 2. Ad valorem tariff （从价税） Specific tariff （从量税） Compound tariff （混合税） 5.4 Consumer and Producer Surplus（p121，added） P 0 Q (a) Consumer surplus P 0 Q P D S (b) Producer surplus P 2.Consumer and Producer Surplus（P121） 60 80 100 Sx Px X Dx Sf + T Sf Imports after tariff 20 100 Imports before tariff 80 40 5.3 Effects of a tariff: small country（P120） C M N B J A H G 5.5 Costs and Benefits of a Tariff in a small country Sf+T Sf b c d Dx a = consumer loss = producer gain = government revenue gain QT 80 40 Sx 20 100 Px X (a + b + c + d) (a) (c) = consumer loss (a + b + c + d) = producer gain (a) = government revenue gain (c) 1.75 1 0.75 b c d e D a = consumer loss (a + b + c + d) = producer gain (a) = government revenue gain (c + e) QT 85 35 S 20 100 Px X 5.6 Effects of a tariff: large country（p127） 5.7 Optimum tariff（p128） An optimal tariff is the tariff rate that maximizes the benefit resulting from the imposition of a tariff. MAX[e-(b+d)] 5.8 The tariff structure(p128) Nominal tariffs vs. effective protection The nominal ta