汉语和英语被动意义上的差别教材.pptVIP

汉英主动与被动区别 概述: “主动与被动” 与 “主客体意识”的 主客体意识: 认识客观世界的两种角度:在所说事实不变的情况下,从两种角度看待句子的动作.从两种角度表达同一个事实。 They arrived at the summit on the fifth day. The fifth day saw them at the summit. 一进花房他们就闻到了一股浓烈的花香。 一进花房一股浓烈的花香扑鼻而来。 主动与被动含义一: “从动作的行为对象去阐述事实内容的表达手段”. 他们非常喜欢自己的工作 they were attached to their work. 他因疾病而夭折. His life was cut short by illness. 他在台上出现，观众给予的热烈掌声 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 工厂坐落在河的附近 The factory is located near the river 她在森林中迷了路。 she was lost in the wood 妻子的归来让他而陷入惶惑不安之中。 He was thrown into confusion by the return of his wife. 墙上挂着画 The picture was hung on the wall. 老赵容易上钩。 Chao Po-tao could easily be hooked. 他被证明是无辜的。 He proved to be innocent. 　　 主动与被动含义二: 主动强调是动作；被动强调是动作完成后呈现的状态。 My brother broke the teapot. The teapot was broken by my brother. The teapot was broken. The teapot is broken.  汉语---主动或被动取决于说话人选取谁作为话题。 他们打死了一只老虎。 他们把只老虎打死了。 老虎被他们打死了。 老虎他们打死了。 老虎打死了。 英语---形和语言—丰富的形态变化—被动语态构成为显性化。 汉语---意和语言—被动语态构成为隐性化。（逻辑关系无差异，主要在表现形式上存在差异） 语言表现形式上存在差异的根源？ 我生于南昌，也在那里参加了革命。 I was born in Nangchang and there I joined the revolutionary ranks. 老虎打死了。 The tiger is killed. “英汉语在被动意义的表达方面各有优势,英语的结构被动句比 汉语使用得广,使用得多;而汉语则以意义被动句见长,其使用的范围和频度都超过英语。这与英 汉两种语言表现在形合和意合上的本质差别是一致的 。”(吕叔湘,1982) 汉译英中,汉语被动句绝大部分可以转换成英语被动句,少量的可转换成意义被动句或其他句式。 英译汉时,英语被动句只有一小部分可以转换成汉语被动句,大部分要 转换成意义被动句,少量的可以转换成相对应的主动句式: ★英语被动意义的表达 结构被动：结构形式上标示出来的被动句。 意义被动：含有被动意义的结构形式上未标示出来的被动句。 英语结构被动句 A. 不知道或不容易指出施事者。 Tom was killed in the Second World War. Order has been restored without bloodshed and without concessions. B. 施事者根据上下文是清楚的，不必说出。 The inured were allowed home after treatment. Jack fought Michael last night and Jack was beaten. C.由于某种原因（情感上的委婉,陈述上圆通、得体…），不愿说出施事者。 Some unfair comment on the proposal was made at the meeting. This matter should be taken up with the insurance company. D. 说话者心目当中，受动者比施动者更重要。 Madame Curie will long be remembered as the discover of radium. Unfortunately, his excellent book on this subject was denied by the publis