要素禀赋理论(讲义)教学版材料.ppt

§ 1 The Basic Model of Factor-Endowment Theory Review of Chapter 2 The BASIS for trade according to previous trade theories: Factors to be considered on supply side: Resource endowments Technology Factors to be considered on demand side: Tastes and preferences Income level Others: Transportation cost Season Exchange rate … … Factor endowment theory in narrow sense in broad sense 要素价格均等化定理 斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理 罗伯津斯基定理 一. Factor Endowment 要素禀赋 二. Factor Intensity 要素密集度 ? The same production function ? The same tastes and preferences? Constant returns to scale? Perfect competition? Factors supply is constant? Perfect factor mobility? Transportation costs § 2 H-O Theorem 贝蒂·俄林 从师于赫克歇尔 与赫克歇尔一起提出了要素禀赋理论 理论被命名为赫克歇尔－俄林理论（H-O定理） The cause of Price difference Different factor endowments between nations Production of different commodities requires different intensities of factor inputs. The abundance of capital in a nation causes its production possibilities frontier to be biased toward the capital-intensive commodity axis H-O Theorem § 3 Factor-price Equalization Theorem Free trade tends to equalize commodity prices among trading nations Free trade also leads toward an equalization of the relative factor prices in the two trading partners An increase in the relative price of a commodity raises the return or earnings of the factor used intensively in the production of the commodity. Thus, the real return to the nation’s scarce factor of production will fall. In each nation, the cheap factor becomes more expensive, and the expensive factor becomes cheaper. § 4 Factor Accumulation and International Trade At constant commodity prices, an increase in the endowment of one factor will increase by a greater proportion the output of the commodity intensive in that factor and will reduce the output of the other commodity. Even if the wealth effect, by itself, tends to increase the nation’s welfare, t