IP数据网络基础简介摘要.ppt

Purpose: This figure introduces the protocols used at the transport layer. Emphasize: TCP is one protocol within the protocol suite of TCP/IP. TCP is an acknowledged transport-layer protocol. However, TCP has a large header so there is much overhead. UDP is unacknowledged. By eliminating all of the acknowledgement mechanisms, UDP is fast and efficient. UDP does not divide application data into pieces. Reliability is assumed to be handled by the upper-layer protocols, by a reliable lower-layer protocol, or by an error-tolerant application. UDP does have a smaller header and less overhead. Purpose: This figure explains what is contained in a TCP segment. Emphasize: Source Port and Destination Port are the connections to the upper-layer protocol. Sequence and Acknowledgment numbers are the position in the user’s byte stream of this segment. Sequence numbers are used for establishing reliability. HLEN is the header length. It tells us where the data begins. Six bits are reserved for future use. Code Bits distinguish session management messages from data. Window is a term we will come back to in a few slides. For now, consider it the size of the receivers buffers. Checksum is a cyclic redundancy check (CRC). It verifies that the datagram arrived intact. Urgent Pointer is used to signify out-of-band data. Options are used by vendors to enhance their protocol offering. The data portion of the frame contains the upper-layer protocol data. 两个传输层协议TCP与UDP具有不同的特点，适合在不同的网络环境及不同的应用需求中使用。 Purpose: This figure continues to explain how TCP uses port numbers. Emphasize: In most cases the TCP port number on one side of a conversation is the same on the other side. For example, when a file transfer takes place, the software on one host is communicating with a peer application on another host. In this example we see a Telnet (TCP port 23) session. It is possible to have multiple Telnet sessions running simultaneously on a host or router. Telnet selects an unused port number abo