操作系统第二单元重点介绍.ppt

Processes and Threads 进程和线程 2.1 进程 2.2 进程间通信 2.3 经典IPC问题 2.4 线程 2.5 调度 Emphases（本章重点） Process (进程） Process states（进程状态） Semaphore（信号量） Scheduling（调度） 试题类型 进程及其状态相关概念选择填空 用信号量描述生产者消费者或读者写者问题程序填空 调度的相关计算 Processes and Threads 2.1 process Multi-programming system: Some programs were loaded in main memory, the CPU switch from program to program. Pseudo-parallelism to contrast with the true hardware parallelism of multiprocessor systems Multi-processor: true hardware parallelism The Process Model 2.1.1 process model (a)Multiprogramming of four programs (b)Conceptual model of 4 independent, sequential processes (abstract) (c)Only one program active at any instant Processes and program Process: A program is executed by CPU for the data sets: A key idea here is that a process is an activity of some kind. It has a program, input , output and a state Distinguish between process and program Dynamic and Static (most important) Temporarily and Always Process Creation 2.1.2 process creation Principal events that cause process creation: System initialization Execution of a process creation system User request to create a new process Initiation of a batch job (mainframe) Technically, in all these cases, a new process is created by having a existed process execute a process creation system call : UNIX:fork,/WIN32: Create Process Process Termination 2.1.3 process termination Conditions which terminate processes: Normal exit (voluntary): they have done their work Error exit (voluntary): for example, no file exists Fatal error (involuntary): for example, dividing by zero Killed by another process (involuntary): executes a system call telling OS to do this Process Hierarchies 2.1.4 Process Hierarchies In some systems , when a process creates another process , the parent process and child process continue to be associated in certain ways, the child process can itself create more processes, forming a process hierarchy Unix has the concept o