操作系统第四章重点介绍.ppt

* Physical dump A physical dump starts at block 0 of the disk, write all the disk blocks onto the output tape in order, and stops when it has copied the last one. Advantages: Simplicity Great speed Disadvantages: The inability to skip selected directories The inability to make incremental dumps The inability to restore individual files upon request * Logical dump A logical dump starts at one or more specified directories and recursively (递归地) dumps all files and directories found there that have changed since some given base date (基准日期). * 4.4.3 File System Consistency(文件系统的一致性) Many file systems read blocks, modify them, and write them out later. If the system crashes before all the modified blocks have been written out, the file system can be left in an inconsistent state. To deal with the problem of inconsistent file systems, most computers have a utility program that checks file system consistency. UNIX has fsck Windows has scandisk * File System Consistency Two kinds of consistency checks: Blocks (块的一致性检查) Files (文件的一致性检查) 1. Check for block consistency The program builds two tables, each one containing a counter for each block, initially set to 0. The counters in the first table keep track of how many times each block is present in a file; The counters in the second table record how often each block is present in the free list. * 1. Check for block consistency Figure 4-27. File system states. (a) Consistent. (b) Missing block. (c) Duplicate block in free list. (d) Duplicate data block. * 2. Check for file consistency It also uses a table of counters, but these are per file, rather than per block. It starts at the root directory and recursively descends the tree, inspecting each directory in the file system. For every i-node in every directory, it increments a counter for that file’s usage count. When the check is all done, it has a list, indexed by i-node number, telling how many directories contain each file. It then compares these numbers with th