罗宾斯管理学第十版第二单元robbins_.pptVIP

Planning Tools and Techniques AppendixB Learning OutcomesFollow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Techniques for Assessing the Environment List the different approaches to assess the environment. Explain what competitor intelligence is and ways that managers can do it legally and ethically. Describe how managers can improve the effectiveness of forecasting. List the steps in the benchmarking process. Learning Outcomes Techniques for Allocating Resources List the four techniques for allocating resources. Describe the different types of budgets. Explain what a Gantt chart and a load chart do. Describe how PERT network analysis works. Understand how to compute a breakeven point. Describe how managers can use linear programming. Assessing the Environment Environmental Scanning The screening of large amounts of information to anticipate and interpret change in the environment. Competitor Intelligence The process of gathering information about competitors—who they are; what they are doing Is not spying but rather careful attention to readily accessible information from employees, customers, suppliers, the Internet, and competitors themselves. May involve reverse engineering of competing products to discover technical innovations. Assessing the Environment Environmental Scanning (cont’d) Global Scanning Screening a broad scope of information on global forces that might affect the organization. Has value to firms with significant global interests. Draws information from sources that provide global perspectives on worldwide issues and opportunities. Assessing the Environment (cont’d) Forecasting The part of organizational planning that involves creating predictions of outcomes based on information gathered by environmental scanning. Facilitates managerial decision making. Is most accurate in stable environments. Assessing the Environment (cont’d) Forecasting Techniques Quantitative forecasting Applying a set of mathematical rules to a series of