10英汉句法比较Active_VS_Passive主被动解说.ppt

Active VS Passive Lecture 10 I. Warm-up I. Warm-up II. Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Voice enables us to look at actions in a sentence from two perspectives, without any change to the fact. (Quirk) eg. The butler murdered the master. The master was murdered by the butler. II. Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Passive ≠ the opposite of Active (J. Vendryes) Active voice emphasizes the action itself. Passive voice emphasizes the condition after the action is taken. E.g. ① My brother broke the teapot. (active, dynamic) ② The teapot was broken by my brother. (passive, condition of the teapot) ③ The teapot was broken. (passive, condition) ④ The teapot is broken. (passive, stative) English: 1) more variations of verb forms 2) clear division between man and nature 3) distinction between being subjective and objective 4) no strong need to emphasize ‘doer’ Chinese: 1) few variations of verb forms 2) unity of man and nature 3) no clear distinction between being subjective and objective 4) always emphasizes ‘doer’ English：widely used. Chinese：much less widely used Historical reason: passive voice = unfortunate voice, expressing dissatisfaction or misfortune use of auxiliary word: 被，由，把… Patient functions as agent (受事格施事化) Examples Analysis: 1. 我生于北京，在广州参加工作。 I was born in Beijing, and joined the workforce in Guangzhou. I was born in Beijing, and got employed in Guangzhou. 2. 老虎被 他们打死了。 老虎被打死了。 老虎打死了。 V. 英汉被动结构差异1—构成方式差异 V. 英汉被动结构差异2—表情达意上的差异 英语中的主动式与被动式并不牵涉说话人或当事人对整个事件的评价，也不涉及说明受事者是否遭受不幸。 汉语的被动式受到感情色彩的限制。 王力：“中国被动式用途之狭，是西洋被动式所比不上的。……‘被’字有‘遭受’ 的意思(inflicting voice不幸语态)。因此，被动式所叙述者，对主位而言，必须是不如意(unpleasant)或不企望(undesirable)的事。” Modern tendency to denote things desirable or neutral, as “被选为工会主席”、“被选为先进工作者”。 英语被动式没有情感意义上的限制，而且具有间接。客观和不带个人感情色彩的特点，从而被大量使用在科技文体，报刊文章，官方或公事文本中。 英语的被动式由系表结构演变而来的，可以表示动作，也可表示状态。 汉语被动式一般只表动作，不表状态。 王力认为：“现代汉语的被动式绝大多数是带关系语（施动者）的” 。 吕叔湘，朱德熙：“非真正有需要的时候不用