Lesson3Cellstructureandfunction资料.pptVIP

When nerve impulse stimulates a muscle cell, calcium rushes from the ER into the cytosol, triggering contraction. These enzymes then pump the calcium back, readying the cell for the next stimulation. Functions of Rough ER （1）Produce proteins Rough ER is especially abundant in those cells that secrete proteins. These secretory proteins are packaged in transport vesicles that carry them to their next stage. （2）manufacture membranes Membrane bound proteins are synthesized directly into the membrane. Enzymes in the rough ER also synthesize phospholipids from precursors in the cytosol. As the ER membrane expands, parts can be transferred as transport vesicles to other components of the endomembrane system. 3.2. Lysosome Definition :vesicles囊泡 containing hydrolytic enzymes. Functions Break down food particles Destruct engulfed microbes Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work. 3.3. Mitochondrion Structure Composition protein lipid nucleic acids salt cofactors(辅助因子,如NAD+) Inner and outer membrane 内外膜 Cristae 嵴 Matrix 基质 Fig. 20 Mitochondria have a smooth outer membrane and a highly infolded inner membrane, the cristae. This creates a fluid-filled space between them. The cristae present ample surface area for the enzymes that synthesize ATP. The inner membrane encloses a fluid-filled space with DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. Function- site of cellular respiration the process of the release of chemical energy and carbon dioxide from food molecules, which requires the participation of oxygen molecules (在线粒体中氧化食物糖,释放能量和二氧化碳的过程) Glucose? +? Oxygen? ------ Carbon Dioxide? +? Water? + Energy (ATP) In fact, Mitochondria can generate ATP from the catabolism of sugars, fats, and other fuels in the presence of oxygen. 3.4. Chloroplast Chloroplasts are membranous, saclike, energy-converting organelle containing green pigments—chlorophylls叶绿素 Structure