化学化工专业英语课件-法律.ppt

It was, of course, an arbitrary choice to put the CH3 groups of ethane in this particular orientation. Let us, then, look at another orientation, in which the hydrogens of the CH3 groups are as far from each other as possible, as represented by the “three-quarters view and head-on view in Fig. 1. In this case, the hydrogens no longer eclipse each other and are said to be staggered. 当然，把乙烷的CH3官能团用这样一个特殊方位来摆放是一个人为的安排。让我们再来看看另外一种定向方式。其中的两个CH3官能团中的氢原子间的间隔是尽可能地远，如图1中的3/4透视图和正视图所示。在这种情况下，氢原子之间不再相互重叠，而是呈交叉状。 Eclipsed conformation Staggered conformation Fig. 1 “three-quarters view” ( sawhorse view) and “head-on view” (Newman projection) representations of the eclipsed and staggered conformations of ethane. “three-quarters view” “head-on view” “three-quarters view” “head-on view” Compounds possessing the same number and kinds of atoms and the same molecular weight (i.e., the same molecular formula) but differing in structure and properties are called isomers (Greek, isos, equal, merso, part”; i.e., having equal parts). A more subtle kind of isomerism is illustrated by the eclipsed and staggered forms of ethane. 拥有相同数目和类别的原子以及相同的分子量（即相同的分子式），但结构和性质不同的化合物互称为异构体（希腊语，isos，相等，merso，部分，即拥有相等的部分）。乙烷的重叠式和交叉式，描述了一种更细微的异构现象。 Clearly, we are dealing with the same molecule in both of these forms but not with precisely identical structures. The eclipsed and staggered forms differ in their geometry as a result of twisting (i.e., rotating) around the axis of a C-C bond. They are said to be conformational isomers (also called conformers or rotamers); any particular twist form is called conformation. 很明显，我们现在研究的就是这种以重叠式或交叉式存在，不具有完全一致结构的分子。由于围绕着C-C键轴向的扭曲式旋转，这两种存在形式在几何构型上是有差异的。它们被称为构象异构体（也被称作构象异构或旋转异构）。其中任何一种旋转形式都被称为一种构象。 Thus ethane is able to assume an eclipsed conformation and a staggered conformation. To induce the conversion of one to the other requires a certain amount of energy. The idea that the staggered conformation is at a lower energy level than the eclip