马林生物化学练习题程序.doc

第一章 核酸 名词解释(英语解释) 单核苷酸(mononucleotide) 单核苷酸，一种化合物，一类由嘌呤碱或嘧啶碱、核糖或脱氧核糖以及磷酸三种物质组成的化合物。又称核甙酸。戊糖与有机碱合成核苷,核苷与磷酸合成核苷酸,4种核苷酸组成核酸。核苷酸主要参与构成核酸，许多单核苷酸也具有多种重要的生物学功能，如与能量代谢有关的三磷酸腺苷（ATP）、脱氢辅酶等。 Nucleotides are organic molecules that form the basic building blocks of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase, a pentose(ribose or deoxyribose) and at least one phosphate group. Nucleotides serve to carry packets of energy within the cell (ATP). In the form of thenucleoside triphosphates (ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP), nucleotides play central roles inmetabolism.[1] In addition, nucleotides participate in cell signaling (cGMP and cAMP), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (e.g. coenzyme A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+). 3′, 5′-磷酸二酯键（phosphodiester bonds） 是核酸分子中的磷酸基团的磷原子与另外两个五碳糖分子的碳原子之间形成的共价键。这种形式的键结于DNA及RNA分子中负责将分别位于两个核糖上的3号碳与5号碳连结起来。 A phosphodiester bond is a group of strong covalent bonds between a phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates (pentoses) over two esterbonds. In DNA and RNA, the phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3 carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5 carbon atom of another. 碱基互补规律(complementary base pairing) 在DNA分子结构中，由于碱基之间的氢键具有固定的数目和DNA两条链之间的距离保持不变，使得碱基配对必须遵循一定的规律，这就是Adenine（A，腺嘌呤）一定与Thymine（T，胸腺嘧啶）配对，Guanine（G，鸟嘌呤）一定与Cytosine（C，胞嘧啶）配对，反之亦然。碱基间的这种一一对应的关系叫做碱基互补配对原则。 Chargaffs rules state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio (base Pair Rule) of pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine. This pattern is found in both strands of the DNA. They were discovered by Austrian chemist Erwin Chargaff. 核酸的变性与复性（denaturation、renaturation） ??(1).当呈双螺旋结构的DNA?溶液缓慢加热时，其中的氢键便断开，双链DNA?便脱解为单链，这叫做核酸的“溶解”或变性?.(2)?在适宜?的温度下，分散开的两条DNA?链可以完全重新结合成和原来一样的双股螺旋。这个DNA?螺旋的重组过程称为“复性”。 退火（annealing） 即DNA由单链复性、变成双链组织的进程。加热使DNA双螺旋解开，在一定的条件下，两条互补的单链依靠彼此的碱基配对重新形成双链DNA的过程，亦即复性过程。热变性的DNA单链在