台湾清华大学脑与心智第一讲(焦传金教授)资料.pptx

;Week;2012/9/18;2012/9/18;2012/9/18;The magic of the mind;2012/9/18;Cognitive psychology is all about how we manipulate representations Letter-matching task (a) In this version of the task, the subject responds “same” when both letters are either vowels or consonants, and “different” when they are from different categories. (b) The reaction time vary for different conditions. Multiple representations of stimuli 1. Physical representation 2. Phonetic representation 3. Category representation;;Memory comparison task (the subject must engage in 4 primary mental operations) 1. Encode: The subject must identify the visible target. 2. Compare: The subject must compare the mental representation of the target with the representation of the items in memory. 3. Decide: The subject must decide whether the target matches one of the memorized items. 4. Respond: The subject must respond appropriately for the decision made in Step 3. The target letter must be compared with the memory set sequentially rather than in parallel. Exhaustive search vs. self-terminating search; Word superiority effect 1. We do not need to identify all of the letters of a word before we recognize the word. 2. Letter and word levels of representation are activated in parallel. 3. Performance is facilitated because both representations can provide information as to whether the target letter is present.; The Stroop task The Stroop effect demonstrates the multiplicity of mental representations. 1. The color of each stimulus 2. The color concept associated with the words The interference from the words is markedly reduced if the response requires a key press rather than a vocal response. Dual tasks can be used to examine constraints on information processing. “Judge the word of an auditory stimulus” but not “Judge the pitch of an auditory tone” interferes with the Stroop task. Practice can help!;EEG and brain imaging;2012/9/18;blood oxygenation level dependen