第6章 大气环流.ppt

急流示意图 参考材料：大气环流的异常事件 正常年份 ENSO年份 赤道东太平洋海表水温异常升高的现象即为El Nino。 El Nino现象结束后，次年太平洋东岸之海水温又往往会比正常为低，西岸则往往偏高，此种颠反之异常状态称为La Nina (The Little Girl)。 南方涛动（SO），用以描述热带东太平洋地区与热带印度洋地区气压场反相变化的跷跷板现象，通常以东南太平洋（塔希提岛以东）和印度洋（澳大利亚的达尔文站以西）之间的气压差表示SOI。南方涛动影响到全球海洋和大气状况 许多研究表明，赤道东太平洋海表水温异常事件同南方涛动指数（SOI）之间有非常好的相关关系。 El Nino与南方涛动二者又合称为ENSO。 南方涛动对太平洋东西两岸气候所造成的影响： 图 (a)：正常状态下，贸易风将表层海水向西推送，暖水在西侧积聚因此产生暖湿空气，暖湿空气向上爬升因而在太平洋西侧发展出低气压系统或是暴风系统。在 太平洋东侧则正好相反，涌升流促成冷海面，空气下沈且干燥，天空晴朗高压盛行。 图(b)：当发生较强的El Nino现象时，贸易风减弱，表层暖海水向东退回，因此太平洋东侧堆积了暖海水，促成当地富于暖湿且上升的气团，故低压与暴风盛行，反而是太平洋西侧变成苦旱 Normal, non-El Nino conditions Low pressure over Indonesia (large pressure gradient) ; Strong trades; Weak counter current; Upwelling off Peru (and California)- cold nutrient-rich waters; Warm water to west- cooler water to east- Peru high productivity; Storms concentrated in the west over warm water; In normal, non-El Nino conditions, the trade winds blow towards the west across the tropical Pacific. These winds pile up warm surface water in the west Pacific, so that the sea surface is about 1/2 meter higher at Indonesia than at Ecuador. The sea surface temperature is about 8°C higher in the west, with cool temperatures off South America, due to an upwelling of cold water from deeper levels. This cold water is nutrient-rich, supporting high levels of primary productivity, diverse marine ecosystems, and major fisheries. Rainfall is found in rising air over the warmest water, and the east Pacific is relatively dry. SO (Southern Oscillation)- decrease in the pressure gradient across the southern equatorial Pacific; Trades weaken; Countercurrent strengthens- warm water across the equatorial region; Decreased upwelling-warm low nutrient waters off Peru; Storm pattern shifts toward the east; During El Nino, the trade winds relax in the central and western Pacific leading to a depression of the thermocline in the eastern Pacific, and an elevation of the thermocline in the west. The observations at 110W show, for