生态学精要.doc

生态学 一、名词解释 1、Ecology（生态学The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. 2、Ecosystem（生态系统环境Ecological factors refers to the growth of organisms in the growth, development, reproduction, behavior and distribution environmental factors have a direct or indirect influence 5、Ecological amplitude（生态幅）：Each kind of environmental factor to adapt the size of that ecological amplitude range 6、Population（种群the proportions of each individual in each age class. 9、Life table（生命表）：A life table is an age-specific account of mortality (Life table provide a summary of how survial and reproductive rates vary with the age of the organisms.) 10、Intrinsic rate of increase（内禀增长率The difference between birth rate and death rate is the intrinsic growth rate内禀增长率(r) (instantaneous per capita rate of growth瞬时人均增长率). 11、Ecological strategy（生态策略）：Ecological Strategy (life history Strategy) describe the anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations control how individuals invest in reproduction and self-maintenance in response to their environmental conditions 12、S-curve（”s”型曲线）：Natural mechanisms come into play and cause the population to level off and continue in a dynamic equilibrium. This pattern is known as the S-curve 13、J-curve（”J”型曲线）：In the absence of natural enemies, the population keeps growing until it exhausts essential resources - usually food - and then dies off precipitously due to famine and, perhaps, diseases related to malnutrition. This pattern is known as a J-curve 14、R-strategy（r策略）：R-strategy is to produce massive numbers of young but then leave survival to the whims of nature. This strategy results in very low recruitment 15、K-strategy（k策略）：K-strategy is to have a much lower reproductive rate but then care for and protect the young to enhance recruitment 16、Niche（生态位）：Niche includes temporal and spatial positions of population (individual) and functional interactions with relative populations (individuals). 17、Communit