Lecture2Phoneticsandphonology讲课.ppt

Phonetics The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called Phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identify what are speech sounds in a language and then to study their characteristics Branches of Phonetics 1). Articulatory Phonetics ---- the production 2). Acoustic Phonetics ----physical properties 3). Auditory Phonetics ---perception Articulatory Phonetics I. Speech Organs; II. Consonants; III. Vowels; IV. Coarticulation V. Phonetic transcription II. Consonants 2.1 Definition; 2.2 Subdivisions; 2.1 Definition A consonant is a speech sound made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, or so restricted that audible friction is produced. 2.2 Classification By manner of articulation By places of articulation By manners of articulation Stops（爆破音）: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]; Nasals(鼻音)：[m] [n] [?]; Fricatives（摩擦音）: [f] [v] [θ] [e] [s] [z] [?] [?] [h] ; Affricates（破擦音）: [?] [?]; Liquids（流音）: [l] [r]; Glides（滑音）: [j] [w]; By places of articulation Bilabials: [p] [b] [m] [w]; Labiodentals: [f] [v]; Dentals: [θ] [e]; Alveolars: [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]; Palatals: [?] [?] [?] [?] [j]; Velars: [k] [g] [?]; Glottal: [h]. III. Vowels 3.1 Definition; 3.2. Description of vowels; 3.2. Classification of vowels 3.1 Definition Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or total stopping of the air can be perceived. Cardinal Vowels are a set of standard reference points, devised by the British phonetician Daniel Jones (1881-1967), to provide a precise means of identifying of vowel sounds of a language. 3.2 Description of vowels The height of the tongue: High（高）, Mid（中）, Low（低）; The position of the tongue: Front（前）, Center（央）, Back（后）; The tenseness or tenseness: Tense（紧）, Lax（松）. The shape of the lips: Rounded（圆唇）, Unrounded（非圆唇）; Table of English Monophthongs 3.3 Classification of vowels Monophthongs 单元音 Diphthongs双元音 Triphthongs三元音 Monophthongs