15第十二章+加速溶剂萃取技术讲述.ppt

* * * * * * Pure water at ambient temperature and pressure has ε=79, while increasing the temperature to 250 oC at a pressure of 5 MPa (necessary to maintain the liquid state) yields a significant reduction to about 27 . This value is similar to that of ethanol at 25 oC and 0.1 MPa and consequently, low enough to dissolve many compounds of intermediate or low polarity. Effect of temperature Similar to ASE increasing temperature at moderate pressure also reduces surface tension(表面张力）and viscosity（黏度） of water, which results in an enhanced solubility of the analytes in this solvent. Therefore, while satisfactory recoveries (90%) were reported for polar POPs such as phenols in water at temperatures below 100 oC , what should we adjust the temperatures for apolar compounds? Temperatures of about 200 oC are required for the quantitative extraction of more apolar compounds such as some pesticides and low-molecular PAHs. Temperatures of 250–300 oC were required for the extraction of PCBs and high-molecular-mass PAHs from soils and sediments. n-Alkanes were only extracted at temperatures higher than 300 oC Effect of pressure Pressure has a limited influence on the solvent characteristics of water as long as it remains in the liquid state; for example, increasing the pressure from 0.1 to 10 MPa yields an increase of ε of only 0.37. This means that it is possible to increase the pressure to avoid the formation of steam without compromising the achieved decrease of polarity. Advantage of SWE This helps to simplify the optimization of procedures. Furthermore, because the polarity of water can easily be modified by changing the temperature, the technique looks to have a wider range of applications than ASE or SFE （with carbon dioxide）, where the available polarity range is more narrow and polar compounds cannot easily be included. Class-selective extraction by means of temperature programming is an interesting option in SWE. 超临界萃取 超临界为超临界流体，是介于气液之间的一种既非气态又非液态的