01化学反应中的质量和能量关系研究.ppt

* Chapter I Energy change in chemical reactions Energy is the capacity to do work Radiant energy comes from the sun and is earth’s primary energy source Thermal energy is the energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules Chemical energy is the energy stored within the bonds of chemical substances Nuclear energy is the energy stored within the collection of neutrons and protons in the atom Potential energy is the energy available by virtue of an object’s position 1.1 The nature of energy and types of energy The system is the specific part of the universe that is of interest in the study. Surroundings are the rest of the universe outside the system. open mass energy Exchange: closed energy isolated nothing SYSTEM SURROUNDINGS 1.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions Exothermic process is any process that gives off heat – transfers thermal energy from the system to the surroundings. Endothermic process is any process in which heat has to be supplied to the system from the surroundings. 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) + energy H2O (g) H2O (l) + energy energy + 2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g) energy + H2O (s) H2O (l) Exothermic Endothermic 1.3 Introduction to thermodynamics Thermochemistry is the study of heat change in chemical reactions. 1.3.1 State and state functions state of a system is defined by the values of all relevant macroscopic properties. State functions are properties that are determined by the state of the system, regardless of how that condition was achieved. Potential energy of hiker 1 and hiker 2 is the same even though they took different paths. DU = Ufinal - Uinitial Dp = pfinal - pinitial DV = Vfinal - Vinitial DT = Tfinal - Tinitial Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures. 1.3.2 Heat and work Temperature is a measure of the thermal energy. 900C 400C greater thermal energy Temperature = Thermal Energy Work Done On the System W = F l W = -p DV p x