罗马的共和宪政体制.docVIP

罗马的共和宪政体制 The Constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent.[1] The constitution was largely unwritten, uncodified, and constantly evolving. Rather than creating a government that was primarily a democracy (as was ancient Athens), an aristocracy (as was ancient Sparta), or a monarchy (as was Rome before and, in many respects, after the Republic), the Roman constitution mixed these three elements, thus creating three separate branches of government.[2] The democratic element took the form of the legislative assemblies, the aristocratic element took the form of the Senate, and the monarchical element took the form of the many term-limited executive magistrates. 罗马共和的宪政制度是一个主要通过惯例逐渐确定其基本原则和主要程序规范的制度。其“宪法”大多是不成文、不断进化的。与其他几种产生政府的主要政体：民主制（像古代雅典）、贵族制（像古代斯巴达）、君主制（像共和以前的罗马，或者从其他方面看，共和以后的罗马也是）所不同的是，罗马的宪政混合了这三种政体的元素，创立了三种互相独立的国家机构。在这个国家机构中，民主制的成分以罗马的各种立法大会为表现形式，贵族制的成分则以元老院为表现形式，而君主制的成分则以其大量的有任期的行政机关为表现形式。 The ultimate source of sovereignty in this ancient republic, as in modern republics, was the demos (people).[3] The People of Rome gathered into legislative assemblies to pass laws and to elect executive magistrates.[4] Election to a magisterial office resulted in automatic membership in the Senate (for life, unless impeached).[5] The Senate managed the day-to-day affairs in Rome, while senators presided over the courts.[6] Executive magistrates enforced the law, and presided over the Senate and the legislative assemblies.[7] 在这个古代共和国中，就像现代的众多共和国一样，主权的最终来源是人民（古语写作Demos）。“罗马人民”汇聚到罗马的各种立法大会中，进行诸如通过法律和选举行政机关这类工作。入选政府官职则自动享有成为元老院成员的资格（这种资格是终身的，除非受到弹劾）。元老院管理着罗马的日常事务，元老们署理各个衙署法庭。行政机关执行法律，对元老院和立法大会负责。 A complex set of checks and balances developed between these three branches, so as to minimize the risk of tyranny and corruption, and to maximize the likelihood of good government. However, the separation of powers between these three branches of government was not absolute. Also, there was the frequent usage of several