翻译文献11 Processes and Signals.docVIP

大连交通大学2016届本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 外文原文 11 Processes and Signals Processes and signals form a fundamental part of the Linux operating environment. They control almost all activities performed by Linux and all other UNIX-like computer systems. An understanding of how Linux and UNIX manage processes will hold any systems programmer, applications programmer, or system administrator in good stead. In this chapter, we’ll look at how processes are handled in the Linux environment and how to find out exactly what the computer is doing at any given time. We’ll also see how to start and stop other processes from within our own programs, how to make processes send and receive messages, and how to avoid zombies. In particular, we’ll learn about Process structure, type, and scheduling Starting new processes in different ways Parent, child, and zombie processes What signals are and how to use them What Is a Process? The Single UNIX Specification, Version 2 (UNIX98) and its predecessor Version 1 (UNIX95), defines a process as “an address space with one or more threads.” We will look at threads in Chapter 12.For now, we will regard a process as just a program that is running. A multitasking operating system such as Linux lets many programs run at once. Each instance of a running program constitutes a process. This is especially evident with a windowing system such as the X Window System (often simply called X).Like Windows, X provides a graphical user interface that allows many applications to be run at once. Each application can display one or more windows. As a multiuser system, Linux allows many users to access the system at the same time. Each user can run many programs, or even many instances of the same program, at the same time. The system itself runs other programs to manage system resources and control user access. As we saw in Chapter 4, a program-or process that is running consists of program code, data, variables (occupying system memory), open file (fi