翻译文献Chapter 2．Memory Addressing.docVIP

大连交通大学2016届本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译  PAGE - 12 - 外文原文 Chapter 2．Memory Addressing This chapter deals with addressing techniques. Luckily ,an operating system is not forced to keep of physical memory all by itself; today’s microprocessors include several hardware circuits to make memory management both more efficient and more robust so that programming errors cannot cause improper accesses to memory outside the program. As in the rest of this book, we offer details in this chapter on how 80*86 microprocessors address memory chips and how Linux uses the available addressing circuits. You will find ,we hope , that when you learn the implementation details on Linux’s most popular platform you will better understand both the general theory of paging and how to research the implementation on other platforms. This is the first of three chapters related to memory management; Chapter 8 discusses how the kernel allocates main memory to itself, while Chapter 9 considers how linear addresses are assigned to processes. 2.1. Memory Addresses Programmers casually refer o a memory address as the way to access the contents of a memory cell. But when dealing with 80*86 microprocessors, we have to distinguish three kinds of addresses: Logical address Included in the machine language instructions to specify the address of an operand or of an instruction. This type of address embodies the well-known 80*86 segmented architecture that forces MS-DOS and windows programmers to divide their programs into segments. Each logical address consists of a segment and an offset (or displacement) that denotes the distance from the start of the segment to the actual address. Linear address (also known as virtual address) A single 32-bit unsigned integer that can be used to address up to 4 GB that is , up to 4,294,967,296 memory cells. Linear addresses are usually represented in hexadecimal notation; their values range from 0to 0xffffffff. Physical address Used to address memory cells in memory chi