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大连交通大学2016届本科生毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
外文原文
New special files are created with the mknod system call, which can be invoked by the utility of the same name. The syntax for mknod is:
mknod name type major minor.
So to create the above lp0 entry, you would have to be root and type:
# mknod /dev/lp0 c 6 0
You can create them anywhere, as long as the hosting file systems support it. Most of the arguments are self?explanatory, so we will just mention that type corresponds to the class of the device b for block devices and c for character devices. More information can be found in the man page for mknod.
User and Kernel Space
The first thing to come to grips with is the difference between programming device drivers and writing normal user space applications. Linux operates in two modes, user?mode and supervisor?mode. We will call the latter kernel?mode from know on, since this is the descriptive explanation of what is really going on. This reflects a change in the way the processor actually handles instructions ? it supports these two execution modes internally. Intels x86 (x = 3) names its execution modes Ring 0, 1, 2, and 3, with Ring 0 being the most privileged mode and vice versa. In Linux, Ring 0 signifies kernel?mode execution and Ring 3 user?mode the other modes are unused. Other architectures have similar features, but name their execution modes differently. We wont bore you with the tedious hardware details, but the gist of it is that the mode a process operates in places certain restrictions on what it is allowed to do. Processes running in user?space are, among other things, not allowed to directly access hardware and execute certain instructions.
When you are writing an ordinary program you use certain functions that you take for granted, such as printf and strcpy. These are part of the standard C library, libc, and have defined prototypes in appropriate header files. User space applications are (usually) linked against libc and these symbols are resolved at run time. Kerne
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