L15 Substitutive vs. Repetitive.pptVIP

Substitution vs. Repetition;Contents;1.1 English: avoiding repetition;1.1.1 Nominal substitution;Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract. 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。 He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others. 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。;我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。 Ours is no longer a nation subject to insult and humiliation. 我们提倡和平共处五项原则，这项原则目前在世界上越来越得人心了。 We have advocated the five principles of peaceful co-existence, which is now growing more and more popular in the world.;1.1.2 Verbal substitution;1.1.3 Clausal substitution;对比《论语》六种英译;对比《论语》六种英译;1.1.4 Ellipsis (Zero-substitution);…and I shall find out who is wise, and who pretends to be wise, and is not. (Socrates, Apology) 我将认清谁明智，谁假装明智，谁不明智。 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。 Association with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil. 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.;1.1.5 Variation;A myth suggest that both the poor and the wealthy are criminals, or at least lawbreakers, because the poor are pressed to crime by their poverty and the latter could hardly have gained their possessions with honesty and constructive work. This fiction, however, seems to be fading out gradually. ;A myth suggest that both the poor and the wealthy are criminals, or at least lawbreakers, because the poor are pressed to crime by their poverty and the latter could hardly have gained their possessions with honesty and constructive work. This fiction, however, seems to be fading out gradually. 有一种缺乏事实根据的理论认为，穷人和富人都是罪犯，至少是潜在的违法者，因为穷人因贫困而犯罪，而几乎没有几个富人是靠诚实和创造性劳动而致富的。但是，这种理论好像渐渐被人们抛弃。;Near-synonyms, superordinates, and general words;Red-light running has always been regarded as minor wrong, and so it has never been taken seriously. When the violation becomes habitual, however, a great deal more than a traffic problem is involved. 人们常把闯红灯看成小错，不当一回事，然而闯红灯一旦形成习惯，则问题远非仅是违反交通规则这么简单。 非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行着艰巨的斗争。 The people of Afri