14Chapter33 Early Quantum theory and models of Atom.pptVIP

Why cant we think of a moving electron—or any other particle, for that matter—as a matter wave that transfers energy and momentum to other matter at points? In 1924 French physicist Louis de Broglie 1892-1986 extended the idea of the wave-particle duality of light and made following appeal to symmetry: Light-wave have particle nature, then does matter has wave nature? He suggested that a particle of matter with E and p has wave nature. matter wave de Broglie wave ? ─ de Broglie wavelength 1 Hypothesis of De Broglie 德布罗意假设 德布罗意假设：实物粒子具有波粒二象性 wave-particle duality . 例 在一束电子中，电子的动能为 ，求此电子的德布罗意波长 . Wavelength of an electron ？ 解 此波长的数量级与 X 射线波长的数量级相当. Comparing with a bullet of m 0.01kg, v 300m/s: Macroscopic particles has larger m, so ? ? 0，the wave-nature can not be shown 表现不出波动性. “宏观物体只表现出粒子性” 2 德布罗意波的实验证明 1 戴维孙 Davisson — 革末 Germer 电子衍射实验 electron scatter 35 54 75 当散射角 时 电流与加速电压曲线 检测器 电子束 散射线 电子被镍晶体衍射实验 M K 电子枪 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 镍晶体 电子波的波长 两相邻晶面电子束反射射线干涉加强条件 2 G . P . 汤姆孙 Thomson电子衍射实验 1927年 当 时， 与实验结果相近. 电子束透过多晶铝箔的衍射 K 双缝衍射图 V A 1 Experimental Apparatus A metal plate and a electrode are placed inside an evacuated glass tube. When the photocell is in the dark the ammeter reads zero. When light of sufficiently high frequency illuminates the plate, the ammeter indicates a current flowing in the circuit. 1 The numbers of electrons in unit time emitted from electrode is proportional to the intensity of incident light 饱和光电流与入射光强成正比 . 2 Experimental Results 电流饱和值 （光强） 2 Adjusting the V, —— there exists a stopping potential Vstop 遏止电压 遏止电势差与入射光频率具有线性关系. Ekmax: 光电子的最大初动能 Then Ekmax, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons can be determined using conservation of energy: Measurements show that: The maximum kinetic energy of these electrons Ekmax is linearly increased with the frequency of incident light; For light of a given frequency, Ekmax does not depend