Food Physics_Chapter 1.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constituent analysis of composite materials Different constituents decompose at different and specific temperature; this can be used to identify each constituent and its content. Compositional analysis of copolymers Thermal stability of polymers Anti-oxidization ability A standard constituent analysis has two steps : Temperature raised from 40 to 550 oC in N2 atmosphere. Temperature is reduced to 300 oC, and atmosphere is changed to air with subsequent heating from 300 to 850 oC. Typical TGA trace for a rubber compound In N2 In air TGA curves of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers of different compositions in N2 If different segments of copolymer chains have different thermal stabilities, it is possible to quantify them . % vinyl acetate % weight loss x 1.43 Loss of acetic acid Blending of PS and PVC improves their stabilities. This indicates that some interaction between the components is taking place, leading to mutual stabilization. Prediction based on 50:50 linear addition of the TGA curves of PS and PVC. Experimentally observed TGA curve of 50:50 PS/PVC blend. Part 4 The principle of DMA is basically similar to rheometry. It measures the displacement response of a material to an oscillatory load as a function of temperature: σ σ0 sin wt +d g g0 sin wt E σ0 / g0 x sind E σ0 / g0 x cosd tand E/E Single cantilever bending Dual cantilever bending Tension Compression Three point bending Shearing There are different types Geometries for DMA measurements with different configurations, and therefore the modulus measured can be Young’s modulus, shear modulus, or bulk modulus for compression . E E tand Molecular relaxation processes including glass transition are reflected as a decrease in storage modulus, and peaks in loss modulus and tand during heating. Effect of frequency on DMA measurement: Increasing fr