薄膜研究方法.ppt

LEED Low Energy Electron Diffraction 入射电子束 100 eV 与样品表面垂直. 倒易单元的真实反映 undistorted , 不能实时收集数据. RHEED Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction 入射电子束 ~keV 掠入射. 反映变换过的倒易单元 distorted , 可实时收集数据。 XRD X-ray Diffraction 3D SAED Selected Area Electron Diffraction 衍射技术的比较 二维情况可以看作a3为无穷大 * 但电子衍射的精度受限于能量的不单一 加速电压不稳定 * * * ? Consider a wave incident on a crystal. The crystal is represented by its reciprocal lattice, with origin 0. ?The incident wave is represented by a reciprocal vector k. Draw the incident wave vector, k, ending at 0.??Construct a circle with radius 1/l i.e. |k| , which passes through 0.??Wherever a relpoint touches the circle, Braggs Law is obeyed and a diffracted beam will occur.??CO represents the incident beam and CG is a diffracted beam. The angle between them must be 2qB.??OG is the g130 vector and thus has magnitude 1/d130, and since |k| 1/l:?? 0G 2 × 1/l sinqB 1/ d , ? rearranging this gives Braggs equation with n 1: nl 2dsinq 倒易点阵并不一定是一些点，也可能是一些柱，一些面 * 周期越好，倒易点阵的阵点越小，反之周期越差，倒易点阵的阵点越大。 * 注意hkl，积分宽度 * 总强度＝所有的衍射相加 The effect of global temperature factors on the diffraction pattern is that the structure factors Fhkl which determine the integrated Bragg intensities Ihkl are multiplied with a correction factor Thkl. The measured diffraction pattern is the average over all unit cells in the crystal. Since a typical diffraction pattern also takes at least several minutes to accumulate, it is also an average over temporal fluctuations in the structure over this time scale. At finite temperatures, all atoms in the crystal structure undergo thermal motion. In the harmonic approximation, the departures from their mean positions are Gaussian in form. As is clear from Figure 1. Atomic Scattering Mechanisms for X-rays, Neutrons, and Electrons, this delocalization of the scattering centers causes a reduction in the effective scattering power with increasing angle. * 需要注意的是，对于电子和中子衍射，消光规律往往会不起作用，主要是因为原子对电子的散射很强，从而会有二次衍射。 * 不识中文目录和