焊缝无损检测现状课程毕业设计设计外文文献翻译.docVIP

PAGE  第PAGE 13页 辽宁科技大学本科生毕业设计 NDT of Welds: state of the art R.J. Ditchburn , S.K. Burke and C.M. Scala Ultrasonics Ultrasonics was introduced as an NOT technique for weld inspection in the 1960’s .Since then, the technique has undergone extensive development and gained increasing acceptance. Consequently, ultrasonics is now the major technique used for validation of welded structures in many in-service inspection applications, eg in off-shore structures. In nuclear and pressure vessel industries and in a range of naval applications. The emergence of ultrasonics as a preferred technique over X-radiography in these in-service inspections is due both to inherent limitations in radiography and to actual benefits in applying ultrasonics. As described above, radiography is excellent for identifying volumetric defects but is limited in its ability to detect or size planar defect, such as cracks, which are likely to be the more serious defects type. Ultrasonic waves are scattered by planar and volumetric defects, making the ultrasonic technique useful for detecting and sizing both types of defects. Even closed cracks are detectable by ultrasonic. Provided that appropriate procedures are used. Ultrasonics also readily gives depth information concerning a defect, whereas for X-rays, specialized and expensive techniques such as computer tomography are needed to obtain such information. Ultrasonics also offers benefits over radiography in terms of cost savings through increased productivity. Finally, in the 1990’s the increasing concerns about radiation safely are a severe disincentive to the continued use of X-radiography. In the last few decades, ultrasonics has developed from a purely manual technique to a manual technique with computer-assisted processing to the use of automatic scanners and more recently to the development of fully automated systems incorporating multiple piezoelectric studies on the use of this range of increasingly sophisticated systems for defe