专业英语_数字通信历史概述.ppt

History of Digital Communication; In the electrical context, digital communication has its roots in telegraphy. In 1838, samuel F.B. Morse demonstrated a machine ( the telegraph, meaning distant writing) for sending messages rapidly over long distances, which for the time was remarkable in itself. ( Remember this was some 60 years prior to the demonstration of long-distance radio wave propagation.);;More interesting perhaps is that this first high-speed electrical telecommunication device utilized simple current-on/current-off signaling to build a code, or discrete signal set, for sending alphanumeric （字母数字）characters. This code, later standardized as Morse code, used dots, or short current pulses, and dashes, or pulses typically about two times the duration of dots. ;;The designers of this code put their good sense to work (long before information theory was born) and assigned short patterns to frequently used letters such as e (a single dot) and t (single dash). Numbers and punctuation marks, as well as rare letters such as q, x, and z, were assigned longer patterns. In this way, telegraphers could send typical messages in short time, and skilled operators could achieve throughputs of perhaps 75 words per minute, ;;limited by the keying speed of the sender and the processing speed of the human decoder（译码器、解码器）, but generally not by the transmission medium. Despite having its genesis（发生、起源）in the digital framework, for about the next 100 years, communication became predominantly analog in the forms of the telephone (invented by Bell in 1872), radio, and television. ;由键控速度的发送者和人类解码器的处理速度有限，但一般不通过传输介质。尽管其成因在数字的框架，为未来100年，通信成为主要的模拟电话的形式（由贝尔在1872发明的），广播，电视。; The work of Nyquist in 1920s, was perhaps the next major conceptual contribution to the development of digital communications. Nyquist developed the relationship between the available channel bandwidth and the maximum pulse transmission rate that would support zero interpulse interference and la