土木工程专业外语复习汇总.doc

Lesson One Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程作为最古老的工程专业，是指对建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。从灌溉排水系统到火箭发射设施，这种建筑环境包括了根据科学原则建造的所有结构。 Civil engineers build roads, bridge, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plant, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师负责建设道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、发电厂、给水排污系统、医院、学校、公共交通设施以及其他与现代社会和大型人口集居地息息相关的公共设施。同时他们也负责建设诸如飞机场、铁路、管道、摩天大楼等私人设施以及建设其他用于工业、商业、民用领域的大型结构。另外，土木工程师要对城镇进行全面的规划、设计和建造，尤其是要规划和设计近来小有成效的功能齐全的小区空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1872, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the times. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader. 单词“civil”来源于拉丁语表示“民用”。1872年，英国人John Smeaton使用这个术语以区分非军事工程和当时占据主流地位的军事工程。从那以后，土木工程这个术语虽然有更为广泛的含义，但通常用于指工程师所建设的公共设施。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical s