Gastrulationamphibian重点.pptVIP

5. Amphibian Gastrulation ;;原肠腔;(1) Cell movements during amphibian gastrulation;The formation of LB (Lip of the blastopore : 胚孔唇）;;Xenopus;Lip of the blastopore (LB: 胚孔唇）;(2) Positioning the blastopore;The factors that initiate gastrulation is in the internal cytoplasm.;(3) Invagination and involution;Bottle cells（瓶状细胞）:;Vegetal rotation;Vegetal rotation: at least 2 hours before the bottle cells form, internal cell movements propel（推动）the cells of the dorsal floor of the blastocoel to be immediately above the involuting mesoderm. Vegetal rotation push the pharyngeal endoderm（咽内胚层）forward, driving the mesoderm passively（被动地） into the embryo. The involution is led by the pharyngeal endoderm and head mesoderm.;Removal of the bottle cells does not affect the involution, while removal of the deep involuting marginal zone (深层内卷边缘带，dIMZ) cells stops archenteron formation.;The convergent extension（集聚延伸） of the dorsal mesoderm; Shortly before the involution, the several layers of deep IMZ cells intercalate（插入）. This intercalation causes a convergent extension along the mediolateral axis（中侧轴） that integrates（整合）several mesodermal streams to form a long, narrow band. As gastrulation continues, the deep marginal cells flatten（变平）, the formerly superficial cells form the wall of the archenteron(原来的表层细胞内卷形成原肠顶部的壁). ;18;(4) Migration of the involuting mesoderm;;In many amphibians, the involuting mesodermal precursors migrate toward the animal pole on a fibronectin lattice（纤连蛋白架子）secreted by the cells of the blastocoel roof.;(5) The formation of endoderm;(6) Epiboly of the ectoderm;The major mechanism of the epiboly in Xenopus is an increase in cell number (by division) coupled with a concurrent integration of several deep layers into one. ;25;26