生物化学(合工大)第一章 绪论.pptVIP

生 物 化 学BIOCHEMISTRY;第一章 绪论;二、生物化学的基本内涵;1、生命活动的物质基础;细胞大约由10,000种不同的分子构成，其中水占到5-95%，Na+、K+和Ca2+占1%，其它为有机化合物。构成细胞的分子统称为生物分子。 生物分子主要由C、H、O、N、P和S等6种元素构成。;常见的功能基团;Functional groups are clusters of atoms with characteristic structure and functions. Most biomolecules contain more than one functional group. Different families of organic compounds result when hydrogen atoms on organic molecules are replaced by different functional groups. The distinct chemical properties of each functional group contribute to the behavior of any molecule that contains it.;构件分子——构成生物大分子的基本单位;葡 萄 糖;单 糖;双 糖;Fatty acids;Structure of an amino acid ;生 物 大 分 子;Starch;Structure of cellulose as it occurs in a plant cell wall ; Lipids are composed of three fatty acids (usually) covalently bonded to a 3-carbon glycerol. Functions: Long-term energy storage; Structural components; Hormones; insulators and cushions.;Proteins are very important in biological systems as control and structural elements. The building block of any protein is the amino acids. ;HIV p17 protein and similarities of its structure to gamma interferon. ;化 学 键;Formation of a covalent bond between two Hydrogen atoims. ;Table Salt Crystal ;Formation of a hydrogen bond between the hydrogen side of one water molecule and the oxygen side of another water molecule. ;The presence of polar areas in the amino acids that makeup a protein allows for hydrogen bonds to form, giving the molecule a three-dimensional shape that is often vital to that proteins proper functioning. ; Electrostatic interactions Electrostatic interactions occur between oppositely charged atoms or groups. An important aspect of all electrostatic interactions in aqueous solution is the hydration of ions. Because water molecules are polar, they are attracted to charged ions. As ions become hydrated, the attractive force between them is reduced, and the charged species dissolves in the water. ;Dissolution of an ionically bonded compound, sodium chloride, by