九龙江流域氮的源汇过程和其机制.pdfVIP

第三，氮的淋失过程及机制。五川小流域氮淋失主要与施肥量和地下水文 2 2 状况有关，不同土地利用下硝氮淋失量从 11.07 kg N/ hm ·y 到 65.17 kg N/ hm ·y 不等。春季施肥强度大、冬季枯水期地下水较低是氮浓度升高的主要原因。pH 5 的酸性土壤带正电荷致使铵氮更易向下淋洗造成“富集”，氮淋失以铵氮为主 （约占40% ）。氮淋失在降雨密集的4–9 月较为严重。五川小流域总氮淋失量为 2 27.5 kg N/ hm ·y ，占氮总输入量的 9% 。 第四，流域土壤反硝化与氨挥发。土壤氮含量、气温及水分含量对土壤反 硝化速率影响较大。五川小流域与九龙江流域反硝化通量分别为 10.6 kg 2 2 2 N/ hm ·y 、7.7 kg N/ hm ·y ；氨挥发通量分别为 123 kg N/ hm ·y 、51.1 kg 2 N/ hm ·y ，化肥施用与畜禽养殖是该地区氨挥发的主要来源，分别占50%和39% 。 第五，流域氮收支。在五川小流域和九龙江流域，化肥与饲料是主要输入 来源（约占总输入的 90% ），农业用地比重越大，化肥所占比例越高。地表径流 （河流输送）与氨挥发是氮的主要输出途径（约占总输出的80% ）。九龙江流域 氮的环境流失量占总输入的 50% 以上，地表径流输出占氮总输入的 14.5%，反映 了人为氮的大量输入对九龙江水质与海岸带地区具有潜在的生态环境影响。 第六，氮流失风险评价。九龙江流域氮流失风险大小主要与肥料施用、畜 禽养殖废污处置及农田耕作有关。降低施肥量、在养殖场周边建立植被过滤带、 增加河岸林截留入河流前的沉积物等措施可以有效降低氮流失风险，在九龙江 流域可以考虑优先实施。 减少春夏时期肥料氮的输入，并有效截留降雨径流，是控制氮素流失、减 小其生态环境影响的关键。 关键词：氮；源汇；九龙江流域 ii ABSTRACT Excessive reactive nitrogen N additions from human activities have resulted in serious and long-term environmental consequences for large regions of the Earth. National and international policies attempt to reduce these impacts on ecosystem health. Understanding of N sources and exports pattern is important for selecting the proper remedial strategies for controlling nutrient losses from watershed. In this study, the N sources and exports were determined for Jiulong River Watershed, an 4 2 agricultural hill-land watershed with an area of 1.47×10 km in coastal region of southeast China. Water quality monitoring, field measurement, mechanism model and GIS technique were linked to estimate N flux of atmospheric deposition, streamflow discharge, leaching, denitrification, and ammonia volatilization. Nitrate isotope tracing, N budgets, and probabilistic risk assessment PRA were also used to identify N sources and primary path of N losses. The work provides a sound understanding of the sources of N to landscapes and the associated N fluxes in exports, and highlights how anthropogenic activities impact N cycling in coastal watershed. First,