第九章系统模拟.pptVIP

第九章 系统模拟 9.1 基本概念 系统模拟（System Simulation）方法，又称为系统仿真，无论在科学研究、工业管理、交通运输还是国防建设等诸多领域，都有着无可替代的广泛应用。特别是有了计算机这一运算工具以后，人们对于许多难以建立数学解析模型的复杂问题，更是求助于计算机模拟，作为一种有效的实验手段对系统进行研究和控制管理。因此，有人称之为“没有办法的办法”。 9.1.1 定义和目的 一般来说，模拟就是对系统的模型进行实验的一种方法，或者说，模拟是对现时系统或假设系统的模型进行的一种试验。 1 2 9 System Simulation simulation in its broadest sense covers many possibilities. Such diverse topics as wind tunnel, airline pilot trainers and war games could be included. The specific topic to be discussed here is the use of digital computers for discrete system simulation; in particular, the simulation of systems involving stochastic (random)processes. Special emphasis is placed upon the handling of random elements in OR modeling. The treatment given will be in term of specific simple problem types. 3 Basic Conceptions Essentially, simulation is a numerical computation technique. It is usually invoked when it proves impossible to formulate a problem in term of a mathematical model that can be solved by other methods developed within the field of OR. Unlike those methods, simulation does not require that a model be presented in a particular format. It permits a considerable degree of freedom so that the model can bear a close correspondence to the system being studied. The simulation user is, in effect, put in the position of an experimenter operating the model in much the same way as he would have like to operate the system itself. The purpose of the simulation, of course, is to learn some thing about the system. 4 System Models Since used in a simulation does not have to conform to any rigid format, no definitive terminology for describing simulation models has evolved. However, three terms have come to be widely used, and they will be used here to clarify the discussion. An entity is taken to mean some object in the system of sufficient interest to be included in the model. Each entity is considered to have attributes that describe the properties or the state of the entity. Ther