分子生物学2015-3-chromosome要点.ppt

Part II : Maintenance of the Genome Ch 6: The structures of DNA and RNA Ch 7: Gene and Genome structures, chromatin, and the nucleosome Ch 8: The replication of DNA Ch 9: The mutability and repair of DNA Ch 10: Homologous recombination at the molecular level Ch 11: Site-specific recombination and transposition of DNA How are the Gene structures? How are DNA molecules that make up the chromosomes, which are extraordinarily long compared to the of the cell, packaged within the nucleus? Gene Genome Chromosomes, nucleosomes 名词 Gene and Genome Chromosome Chromatin Nucleosome A?gene?is a molecular unit of?heredity of a living?organism, it ? is a sequence of DNA (or RNA in virus) that codes for a?polypeptide (as in the case of the majority of genes) ?or for an RNA chain (as in the case of genes that code for tRNA and rRNA etc.) that has a function in the organism. 基因是可以转录成RNA所必需的全部DNA片段，分为编码区及调控区。 编码区：编码蛋白的基因中翻译成蛋白质的那部分核苷酸序列称可读框(open reading frame，ORF)。ORF始于起始密码子(initiation codon ATG/GTG), 终止于终止密码子(termination codon TAA/TAG/TGA)。 调控区：起调控作用的DNA序列，控制转录水平—启动子和终止子 (upstream and downstream) Gene Genome The concept of Gene and Genome Genome is the complete set (一套完整的) of sequences in the genetic material of an organism. It includes the sequence of each chromosome plus any DNA in organelles. (genetic material in haploid) 基因组携带着构成和维持该生物体生命形式所必需的所有生物信息(biological information) 。 真核生物基因组分为两部分，细胞核基因组和细胞器基因组。 原核生物中的质粒，由于不是其生命活动所必需的，因而不包含在基因组的概念中。 prokaryotic cell, prokaryotes eukaryotic cell, eukaryotes Organisms with 2 copies of their chromosomes are diploid. Having one copy of the chromosome is called haploid. Polyploidy (having extra sets of chromosomes) is rare in animals but common in plants. Genome Size (the length of DNA associated with one haploid complement of chromosomes) Size of DNA fragment bp is an abbreviation for base pairs; distance along DNA is measured in bp. 103＝kb，106＝Mb