lecture22007连锁试题.pptVIP

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  • 2016-08-05 发布于湖北
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Definitions: Gamete – A specialized reproductive cell with a haploid number of chromosomes. Homozygote – An individual with identical alleles at one or more loci. Heterozygote – An individual with different alleles at one or more loci. Phenotype – The observable properties of an organism that are genetically controlled. Hybrid(杂交种) – An individual produced by crossing two parents of different genotypes. Back cross (回交)– A cross involving an F1 heterozygote and one of the P1 parents. Test cross(测交) – A cross between an individual whose genotype at one or more loci may be unknown and an individual who is homozygous recessive for the genes in question. Filial (F) - Latin for progeny. True breeding(不分离系) - When progeny have the same phenotype as their parents. Gametic cells - Reproductive cells. Gametic cells have 1/2 the chromosome complement of somatic cells. Examples: Plants – egg and pollen cells Animals - egg and sperm cells. 完全连锁(complete linkage) 两个或两个以上基因总是连在一起,不发生交换。 不完全连锁(incomplete linkage) 两个或两个以上基因不总是连在一起,有时会发生交换。 怎样测定两个基因之间是连锁? 测交1: 测交2: 重组率为什么不可能大于50%? 课堂练习 基因A、B在一条染色体上, 如果观察100个花粉母细胞,有 10%的孢母细胞发生了交换。发生交换的配子在理论上应该占多少? 答案:10×4×50%÷400 第二节 基因间的相互作用: 孟德尔规律的扩展 一. 等位基因的相互作用 发现在有些性状中,显隐性的关系可以随所依据的标准而改变。 一对等位基因的两个成员在杂合体中都表达的遗传现象,也叫并显性。 杂合体Aa的性状表现超过纯合显性AA的现象。杂种优势 一个基因,有两个以上的等位形式 n个复等位基因,基因型数目为:n+n(n-1)/2 纯合体数n个,杂合体数n(n-1)/2个 血型:IA,IB,i 6种基因型: IA IA , IB IB , ii,IAi , IBi , IA IB 4种表现型 一因多效 一个基因可以影响到若干性状 人——成骨不全病,显性 一个座位突变 多发性骨折 蓝色巩膜 耳聋 二. 非等位基因间的互作 1. 互补效应(complementary effect) * * Dominance – Term describing an allele that is expressed in the heterozygous condition. Recessive – Term describing an allele that is not expressed in the heterozygous condition. a A A A a a Genotype – The specific allelic or genetic constitution of an organism. A A a a 一对等位基因的分离 分离规律 两对等位基因分别载在两个不同的染 色体上在减数分裂时,随机,独立地 分配到不同的配子中去。 自由组合规律 两对等位基因位于同一条染色体上,成为连锁(linkage) 交换(crossing over) 重组(recombination

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