常工院试卷英语补考10Ydaan.docVIP

1.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese 60points : Design reaction in which most or all of the atoms you start with end up in the desired product rather than in waste byproduct. Barry Trost, a chemist at Standford University, developed this concept, which he termed atom economy. One example of the principle in action is an improved process designed in 1991 for making the pain reliever ibuprofen, the active ingredient in the brand name drugs Motrin, Advil, Nuprin, and Medipren. In the former six-step process developed in the 1960s, only 50% of the reactant atoms ended up in the desired product ibuprofen , and 60% ended up in unwanted byproducts or waste that had to be disposed of . The new process requires only three steps and is designed in such a way that 77% of the reactant atoms end up in the ibuprofen. This green process eliminates millions of pounds of waste chemical byproducts every year, and it reduces by millions of pounds the amount of reactants needed to make ibuprofen. 设计反应使得开始时的大多数或者全部原子都能变成目标产物，而不是废的副产品。Barry Trost, 史坦福大学的化学家，提出了这个概念，被称作是原子经济。这个原理的实际的例子就是在1991年设计的用于制造止痛药布洛芬的的改进的过程，这种商标药品中的活性成分是Motrin, Advil, Nuprin, and Medipren. 以前在60年代开发出来的六个步骤的过程，仅仅只有50%的反应物的原子转变成目标产物（布洛芬），60%最后变成了不需要的副产品或者是必须进行处理的废物。过程只需要三步，是按照77%的反应物原子转化成布洛芬的目的设计的。这样的绿色过程每年可以消除数百万吨化学副产物废料，这样就使得生产布洛芬所需要的原料降低了数百万吨。 2 Extractive and azeotropic distillation have the common feature that a substance not normally present in the mixture to be separated is deliberately introduced into the system in order to increase the difference in volatility of the most hard to separate components. Extractive distillation can be defined as distillation in the presence of a substance which is relatively non-volatile compared to the components to be separated, and which, therefore, is charged continuously near the top of the fractionating tower, so that an appreciable concentration is maintained on all plates in the tower below its entry. Azeotropic distillation can be defined as distillation