自然地理学Dlx03atomospheremoving试题.ppt

tornado 龙卷风年平均发生数 Why the air moving Air trends to move from high to low pressure until the air pressures are eaqual Image or think of: How many types of the air moving patterns there are in the sphere? Air trends to move from high to low temperature  Air motion’s direction horizontal ---called as Wind vertical ----- not called winds, but as updrafts (上升气流)or downdrafts Mixture---- Cyclone (气旋) or anticyclone Other directions of air-moving Cyclone low-pressure regions of ascending(上升) cyclones rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere Other directions of air-moving Anticyclone: high-pressure spirals(螺旋) of descending or subsiding air. clockwise spiral. Other directions of air-moving Deflection of earth rotation（Coriolis effect) be deflected away from its course. right in the northern hemisphere Some factors on air motion direction the pressure gradient that high to low press the Coriolis effect turns to the side friction with the ground surface Reduce speed, may change the direction. a result will move toward low pressure but at an angle to the pressure gradient 空气运动的影响因素 solar radiation the earth’s rotation the ground surface characteristic and friction with the ground surface the air is formed three-dimensional motion of different scale. Why there is pressure gradient unequal heating of the earths surface produces air of different temperatures. warm air is less dense than cool air Warmer air will produce low pressure colder air will produce high pressure. Pressure gradient force alone(只有压力梯度) 水平气压梯度力（G） 存在水平气压梯度时单位质量空气所受的力 表达式 考虑Coriolis The Coriolis Effect’ at wind A = 2νωsinψ ω为地球角速度 ψ为地理纬度 ν为风速 Pressure gradient + Coriolis force 惯性离心力 （c） 空气曲线运动产生惯性离心力 惯性离心力与空气运动方向相垂直 大小与空气运动线速度v平方成正比，与曲率半径 r 成反比： 惯性离心力通常很小 摩擦力----使气流速度发生改变 内摩擦力 气层间的阻力 外摩擦力 地面对气流运动的阻力 近地面增大 海拔愈高，作用愈弱 At surface of earth, there’s friction too:Pressure + Coriolis + Friction Measurement of Winds wind speed wind direction Cyclone（气旋） Cyclone---低压中心 A