医学英语课件6B cxz.ppt

Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Stones Unit 6 Reading B Contents Warming up Watch the video and answer the following questions. 1. How many types of kidney stones are there generally? 2. How is key stone formed? 3. What causes stone formation? Warming up Tips How many types of kidney stones are there generally? Five. Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid and cystine. 2. How is key stone formed? Step 1: nucleation (homogeneous heterogeneous) Step 2: growth Step 3: aggregation Step 4: retention 3. What causes stone formation? One critical fact is supersaturation of the urine or stone-forming salt. The other important fact is deficiency of the inhibitors, such as citrate.柠檬酸盐 Structure Q: What methods can be used to diagnose kidney stones? A: Urinalysis, abdominal radiology, excretory urography, retrograde urography, ultrasonography, CT scanning, MRI. Part II (para.2-7): Treatment 1. Why should the urine be filtered during an attack? 2.What is the basis for long term preventive measures? 3. What can be done in order to prevent the occurrence of stone formation? 4. What are the major methods to remove kidney stones? Part II (para.2-7): Treatment Q:1. Why should the urine be filtered during an attack? A: In order to retrieve stone for the chemical analysis and determination of type. Part II (para.2-7): Treatment Q:2. What is the basis for long term preventive measures? A: The information of the type of stones and stone analysis, along with a careful history and laboratory tests, affords the basis for long term preventive measures. Part II (para.2-7): Treatment Q:3. What can be done in order to prevent the occurrence of stone formation? A: Investigation into the cause of stone formation; Treatment of underlying disease; Adequate fluid intake; Dietary changes; Medications; And changes of urine pH values. Part II (para.2-7): Treatment Q:4. What are the major methods to remove kidney stones